Weekly Report 1: JAGUNG PANDAN



FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SS11403 SAINS TANAH SEKITARAN
SEMESTER 2 2017/2018

       Date of Submission: 6th April 2018

 MADAM. DIANA DEMIYAH BINTI MOHD HAMDAN

TITLE : ' JAGUNG PANDAN’


NAME
MATRIC NUMBER
PAVITRA A/P MURUGAYAH
BS17160700
NURUL NATASYAH BINTI KANAPIA@HANAFIAH
BS17110546
KONG WAN LING
BS17110429
NURFATIN SOFEA BINTI MOHD HELMI
BS17110574
SOW XIAO HUI
BS17110464
AARON CHIN VUI CHANG
BS17160670


1.0 INTRODUCTION

   Skin is a thin living layer of skin which covers up the land on Earth’s crust and it is a vital part of the environment.  Soils develop over time under the influence of chemical, physical and biological processes. They develop where rocks and sediments (lithosphere) are influenced by flora and fauna (biosphere), water (hydrosphere) and climate (atmosphere). Soils may be very thin, a few millimetres, there where the soil is very young or scraped-off by external forces (water, wind, human activity), or very deep, up to several metres. There where they occur in protected or stable places. Soils comprise of layers, or soil horizons, each with their own characteristics. Soil material consists of a variable and often complex mixture of organic matter, sand, silt and clay particles, or is composed of dominantly organic debris.
Plants can respond to soil conditions in ways that cannot readily be explained in terms of the ability of the roots to take up water and nutrients. Roots may sense difficult conditions in the soil and thence send inhibitory signals to the shoots which harden the plants against the consequences of a deteriorating or restrictive environment, especially if the plants’ water supply is at risk. Generally, this behaviour can be interpreted as feed forward responses to the soil becoming too dry or too hard, or to the available soil volume being very small as with bonsai plants, or to roots’ becoming infected with pathogens. However, soil that is too soft or in which the roots are forced to grow in very large pores can also induce large conservative responses, the significance of which is unclear. The inhibitory signals may affect stomatal conductance, cell expansion, cell division and the rate of leaf appearance.
For plants to grow, there are quite a number of factors that come to play. There are those factors that can support growth of plants and others that may inhibit the process. The common factors affecting plant growth can be categorized into nutritional and environmental factors. Nutritional factors include water and nutrients while environmental factors comprise of light, temperature, relative humidity, soil, carbon dioxide and humidity. The types of soil also play an important in the growth of plants. Water is also another nutritional factor that affects plants’ growth in that; it is one of the most essential requirements. It is with water that processes like photosynthesis, respiration, transportation of plant nutrients and transpiration take place. This means that without water, plants will automatically die.
Apart from light, air and water, plants also need mineral nutrients. These practical explore the needs of plants in more detail.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

1.      To find out which is the most suitable soil to grow jagung pandan.
2.      To find out which soil is most fertile to grow jagung pandan productively
3.  To investigate the growth of jagung pandan related with soil minerals and phytoavailability / bioavailability.

3.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1.      Jagung pandan seeds
2.      5 pots (poked same number of holes at the bottom of the pot for drainage)
3.      5 different types of soil
4.      500ml recycle bottle (for watering)
5.      15 cm ruler

6.      Water

4.0 PROCEDURE

1.      The pot is filled up with soil. The soil is pat to compress the soil so that the level of soil does not shrink after watering.
2.      The number of seeds is divided equally for each pot and spaced the seeds when seed sowing.
3.      About 2 cm thick of soil is topped after seed are placed on the soil. Then each pot is watered with same amount (500ml).
4.      After a week, a ruler was used to measure the height of the plants.


5.0 RESULTS

Table 1: Growth of plant Jagung Pandan from week 1 to week 2



Type of soil
Week
1
2
Average plant height (cm)
Survival rate (%)
Mortality rate (%)
Average plant height (cm)
Survival rate (%)
Mortality rate (%)
Lake of Residential College E
12.2
100
0
16.80
100
0
Sandy
7.50
100
0
11.80
100
0
Mangrove
0
0
0
0
0
0
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
8.50
100
0
12.46
100
0
Mountain
0
0
0
0
0
0

 (WEEK 1)

Figure 1.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Lake of Residential College E)

Figure 2.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Faculty of Science and Natural Resources)

Figure 3.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Sandy)

Figure 4.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Mountain)

Figure 5.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Mangrove)

(WEEK 2)

Figure 6.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Lake of Residential College E)

Figure 7.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Sandy)

Figure 8.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan (Faculty of Science and Natural Resources)

Figure 9.0: The growth of plant Jagung Pandan


6.0 DISCUSSION
From the Table 1, as we know that soil from the lake of Kampung E show the highest  growth rate for the plant and had a 100% germination rate and the most suitable soil for growing Jagung Pandan from week 2. The most unsuitable soil for growing Jagung Pandan is the soil from mangrove and hills which is 0% growth rate and 0% germination seeds from week 1 to week 2 due to the acidity of the soil.
The pH factor of soil reflects its acidity level, which is important to consider because all plants require different levels for proper growth. Important nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and nitrogen can also be tied up if pH is not correct. Soil pH can also have an effect on the activity of soil microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. A pH reading that is too high or low will lead to a loss of these microorganisms, which will result in a less healthy soil overall.
Soil pH is a scale of acidity-alkalinity that ranges from 0 to 14, with the most common levels found between 4 and 8. Seven is neutral. Readings above 7 show alkalinity; readings below, acidity. In general, most plants do best between 6 and 6.5.

The soil from lake of residential college E, sandy soil and soil from Faculty of Science and Natural Resources are in the range of suitable pH for the growth of plants. However, the mangrove soil and the soil from the mountain are not suitable for the growth because they are not in the range. Dissolved calcium of shells and offshore coral make brackish waters alkaline. Mangrove soils, however, are neutral to slightly acidic due to the sulphur-reducing bacteria, and the presence of acidic clays. In Malaysia, there are mangroves with very acidic brackish waters, probably due to the aeration of soil sulphates, forming sulphuric acid. Whereas for the soil from the mountain, the pH is based on the slope of the upland. 

7.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the germination seeds of Jagung Pandan has occur in the soil from lake of residential college E, sandy soil and soil from Faculty Science and Natural Resources while there is no seeds germination in the mangrove soil and the soil from mountain during week 1 until week 2.



8.0 REFERENCE
·         https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00802.x
·         http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-biology/factors-affecting-plant-growth
·         http://lifeunderyourfeet.org/en/soileco/intro/whatis.asp
·         http://www.isric.org/discover/about_soils/what-is-soil

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