Fourth Lab Report : "Ulam Raja"

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

SS11403 SAINS TANAH SEKITARAN

SEMESTER 2 2017/2018

Date of Submission: 24th April 2018

MRS. DIANA DEMIYAH BINTI MOHD HAMDAN

TITLE : 'ULAM RAJA'

NAME	IC NUMBER	MATRIC NUMBER
MOHD FATHULIZZAT BIN ASFI	970528125555	BS17110533
CHIN JIA HUI	970616125600	BS17110550
RINA BINTI SARIKA	981008125096	BS17110233
MAIZATUL AKMAR BINTI MOHAMAD NIZAM	970130235172	BS17110366
NORFARAH A'AINA BINTI BAHARIN	980118126298	BS17160676
NOOR HIQMAH BINTI MASBOL	980607015214	BS17110045

1.0 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION (SIEVE ANALYSIS)

Sieve analysis is an analytical technique used to determine the particle size distribution of a granular material with microscopic granular sizes. Determination of particle size is more important, as the particle size determines the effectiveness of final product. The technique involves the layering of sieves with different grades of sieve opening sizes. The finest sized sieve lies on the bottom of the stack with each layered sieve stacked above in order of increasing sieve size. When a granular material is added to the top of sifted, the particles of the material are separated into the final layer, the particles could not pass.

      Commercial sieve analyzers weigh each individual sieve in the stack to determine the weight distribution of the particles. The base of the instrument is a shaker, which facilitates the filtering.

        Furthermore, sieve analysis is important for analysing materials because particle size distribution can affect a wide range of properties such as the strength of concrete, the solubility of a mixture, surface are properties and even their taste. To determine the size distribution of particles, the sieve analysis test procedure is an effective method that prevailed from the past. In sieve analysis, the particles size distribution is defined using the mass or volume.

      A sieve analysis is practice or procedure to assess the particle size distribution of granular material. The size distribution if often critical importance to the way material performs use in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite and others down to a minimum size depending on the exact method.

OBJECTIVES  (SIEVE ANALYSIS)

1.    To determine the particle size distribution.

2.    To determine the relative proportions of different grain sizes as they are distributed among certain size ranges.

INTRODUCTION (NUTRIENT ANALYSIS)

Soil nutrient analysis is very important because we need to find out what we need to do to improve the soil’s quality. Soil nutrient analysis can be carried out extract three major soil macronutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphate and combine the with colour-based reagents to determine their concentration. Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphate are major components of soil fertilizers.

          The nutrient analysis is important because it enables us to find out the makeup of our soil and helps us to determine how much fertilizer we need to apply. Soil is a major source of nutrients needed by plants for growth. The three main nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Other important nutrients are calcium, magnesium and sulphate. The role these nutrients play in plant growth is complex.

         Nitrogen is a key element in plant growth. It is found in plant cells, in plant  proteins and hormones and chlorophyll. Atmospheric nitrogen is a source of soil nitrogen. Some plants such as legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen in their roots; otherwise fertiliser factories use nitrogen from the air to make ammonium nitrate and urea. When applied to soil, nitrogen is converted to mineral form, nitrate, so that plants can take it up. Nitrate is easily leached out of soil by heavy rain, resulting in soil acidification.

            Phosphorus helps transfer energy from sunlight to plants, stimulates early roots and plant growth, and hastens maturity. All manures contain phosphorus; manure from grain-fed animals is a particularly rich source. Moreover, sulphur. Sulphur is a constituent of amino acids in plant proteins and is involved in energy-producing processes in plants. It is responsible for many flavour and odour compounds in plants such as the aroma of onions and cabbage.

         

OBJECTIVE (NUTRIENT ANALYSIS)

1.    To determine the level of availability of nutrients or the need for its introduction.

2.    To predict the increase in yields and profitability of fertilization.

3.    To provide the basis for calculating the required fertilizing of each crop.

4.    To evaluate the status (supply) of each nutrient element and simultaneously determine the compensation plan (nutrient management).

2.0 METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY (SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST)

MATERIAL

1)    Air-dried soil

2)    Stack of sieve including pan and cover

3)    Weighing balance

4)    Mechanical sieve shaker

5)    Brush

6)    Pestle and mortar

7)    Tray

PROCEDURE

1)    Tree roots, pieces of bark and rock ware removed from the soil samples.

2)    Air-dried soil was break clumps by hand, before air dried samples were sieved

3)    The total weight of sample soil was weighted before sieved.

4)    5 size of mesh sieve were selected.

5)    The sieve must clean.

6)    A stack of sieves on the mechanical sieve shaker was prepared. The sieve must having larger opening sizes were placed above the one having smaller opening size sieve.

7)    The soil was poured and the place covered.

8)    The clamps was fixed.

9)    To collect the finest particle, a tray was places below the opening of the pan.

10) The time was adjusted to 15 minutes and get the shaker going on 40~50.

11) The mass of each sieve was measured and soil retained after the shaker was stopped.

12) If there are particles stuck on the mesh, brush was used to poke it out and collected.

13) The soil was labeled and kept for future analysis. 

METHODOLOGY (SOIL NUTRIENT ANALYSIS)

MATERIAL

1)    5 samples of 20 grams dried soil samples.

2)    Distilled water

3)    200ml glass beaker

4)    1.45 µm membrane filter paper

5)    Vacuum pump

6)    Magnetic stirrer

7)    Stirrer plate

8)    Spatula

9)    High density polythene (HDPE) bottle

PROCEDURE

1)    Soil handling with bare hands were avoided. While handling, gloves ware wear.

2)    The soil samples that has been air-dried outside of the lab were weight. To ensure complete dried out of moisture, the soil samples ware touched. The report was keep recorded

3)    20g of dried soil was taken and separately put in beakers for each type of soil.

4)    50ml of distilled water was added together with the soil sample.

5)    To mix the samples solution well, the magnetic stirrer was used for 20 minutes.

6)    The mixture was allowed to stand undisturbed for at least 10 minutes. The clarity of the solution will vary,the clearer the better.

7)    Then, using the 0. µm membrane filter paper, the solution was filtered. Filter solution which is clearer liquid first compare to murky on. HDPE bottles for macronutrient analysis was stored using the HDPE kit.

3.0 RESULT AND OBSERVATION

RESULT (SIEVE ANALYSIS)

Type of soil	Sieve No.	Sieve Opening Mesh Size	Mass Of Soil Retained On Each Sieve/ g	Percentage Of Mass Retained On Each Sieve (Rn)	Calculate percent C% cumulative passing = 100% - % cum. retained	Percent Finer (100 - ∑Rn)
Ground Soil	18	1 mm	32.8233 g	33.84%	33.84%	66.16
	35	500 µm	29.8902 g	30.81%	64.65%	35.35
	60	250 µm	17.4762 g	18.02%	82.67%	17.33
	70	212 µm	3.7428 g	3.86%	86.53%	13.47
	120	125µm	6.1258 g	6.32%	92.85%	7.15
	230	65 µm	3.9629 g	4.09%	96.94%	3.06
	Pan	-	2.9788 g	3.07%	99.99%	0.01
			100 g
Hill Soil	18	1 mm	30.8344 g	32.46 %	32.46%	67.54
	35	500 µm	20.4750 g	21.55%	54.01%	45.99
	60	250 µm	11.1915 g	11.78%	65.79%	34.21
	70	212 µm	5.6351 g	5.93%	71.72%	28.28
	120	125µm	10.2510 g	11.07%	82.79%	17.21
	230	65 µm	7.9672 g	8.39%	91.18 %	8.82
	Pan	-	8.6451 g	9.10%	100%	0
			100g
Red Soil	18	1 mm	21.8701 g	23.52%	23.52 %	76.48
	35	500 µm	17.5670 g	18.89%	42.41%	56.59
	60	250 µm	13.4423 g	14.45%	56.85%	42.14
	70	212 µm	10.8735 g	11.69%	68.55%	30.45
	120	125µm	12.0545 g	12.96%	81.51%	17.49
	230	65 µm	9.7225 g	10.45%	91.96%	7.04
	Pan	-	7.4690 g	8.03%	100%	0
			100 g
Wetland	18	1 mm	20.0367 g	23.57 %	23.57%	79.96
	35	500 µm	18.0593 g	21.25%	38.1%	58.71
	60	250 µm	13.3686 g	15.73%	51.47%	42.98
	70	212 µm	8.3464 g	9.82%	59.82%	33.16
	120	125µm	10.8450 g	12.76%	70.67%	20.40
	230	65 µm	7.7798 g	9.15%	78.45%	11.25
	Pan	-	6.5642 g	7.72%	85.01%	3.53
			85.01 g
Sand	18	1 mm	7.8284 g	7.99%	7.99	92.01
	35	500 µm	5.7555 g	5.87 %	13.86	86.14
	60	250 µm	8.4792 g	8.65 %	22.51	77.49
	70	212 µm	7.1524 g	7.30%	29.81	70.19
	120	125µm	55.8118 g	56.95%	86.76	13.24
	230	65 µm	10.1474 g	10.35%	97.11	2.89
	Pan	-	2.8253 g	2.88%	100	0.01
			100g

Figure 3.1 Stack of sieve including pan and cover used to sieve the 5 types of soil

SIEVE ANALYSIS: GROUND SOIL

Type of soil	Sieve No.	Sieve Opening Mesh Size	Mass Of Soil Retained On Each Sieve/ g	Percentage Of Mass Retained On Each Sieve (Rn)	Calculate percent C% cumulative passing = 100% - % cum. retained	Percent Finer (100 - ∑Rn)
Ground Soil	18	1 mm	32.8233 g	33.84%	33.84%	66.16
	35	0.5mm	29.8902 g	30.81%	64.65%	35.35
	60	0.25mm	17.4762 g	18.02%	82.67%	17.33
	70	0.212 mm	3.7428 g	3.86%	86.53%	13.47
	120	0.125 mm	6.1258 g	6.32%	92.85%	7.15
	230	0.065 mm	3.9629 g	4.09%	96.94%	3.06
	Pan	-	2.9788 g	3.07%	99.99%	0.01

SIEVE ANALYSIS: HILL SOIL

Type of soil	Sieve No.	Sieve Opening Mesh Size	Mass Of Soil Retained On Each Sieve/ g	Percentage Of Mass Retained On Each Sieve (Rn)	Calculate percent C% cumulative passing = 100% - % cum. retained	Percent Finer (100 - ∑Rn)
Hill Soil	18	1 mm	30.8344 g	32.46 %	32.46%	67.54
	35	0.5mm	20.4750 g	21.55%	54.01%	45.99
	60	0.25mm	11.1915 g	11.78%	65.79%	34.21
	70	0.212 mm	5.6351 g	5.93%	71.72%	28.28
	120	0.125 mm	10.2510 g	11.07%	82.79%	17.21
	230	0.065 mm	7.9672 g	8.39%	91.18 %	8.82
	Pan	-	8.6451 g	9.10%	100%	0

SIEVE ANALYSIS: RED SOIL

Type of soil	Sieve No.	Sieve Opening Mesh Size	Mass Of Soil Retained On Each Sieve/ g	Percentage Of Mass Retained On Each Sieve (Rn)	Calculate percent C% cumulative passing = 100% - % cum. retained	Percent Finer (100 - ∑Rn)
Red Soil	18	1 mm	21.8701 g	23.52%	23.52 %	76.48
	35	0.5mm	17.5670 g	18.89%	42.41%	56.59
	60	0.25mm	13.4423 g	14.45%	56.85%	42.14
	70	0.212 mm	10.8735 g	11.69%	68.55%	30.45
	120	0.125 mm	12.0545 g	12.96%	81.51%	17.49
	230	0.065 mm	9.7225 g	10.45%	91.96%	7.04
	Pan	-	7.4690 g	8.03%	100%	0

SIEVE ANALYSIS: WETLAND

Type of soil	Sieve No.	Sieve Opening Mesh Size	Mass Of Soil Retained On Each Sieve/ g	Percentage Of Mass Retained On Each Sieve (Rn)	Calculate percent C% cumulative passing = 100% - % cum. retained	Percent Finer (100 - ∑Rn)
Wetland	18	1 mm	20.0367 g	23.57 %	23.57%	79.96
	35	0.5mm	18.0593 g	21.25%	38.1%	58.71
	60	0.25mm	13.3686 g	15.73%	51.47%	42.98
	70	0.212 mm	8.3464 g	9.82%	59.82%	33.16
	120	0.125 mm	10.8450 g	12.76%	70.67%	20.40
	230	0.065 mm	7.7798 g	9.15%	78.45%	11.25
	Pan	-	6.5642 g	7.72%	85.01%	3.53

SIEVE ANALYSIS: SAND

Type of soil	Sieve No.	Sieve Opening Mesh Size	Mass Of Soil Retained On Each Sieve/ g	Percentage Of Mass Retained On Each Sieve (Rn)	Calculate percent C% cumulative passing = 100% - % cum. retained	Percent Finer (100 - ∑Rn)
Sand	18	1 mm	7.8284 g	7.99%	7.99	92.01
	35	0.5mm	5.7555 g	5.87%	13.86	86.14
	60	0.25mm	8.4792 g	8.65%	22.51	77.49
	70	0.212 mm	7.1524 g	7.30%	29.81	70.19
	120	0.125 mm	55.8118 g	56.95%	86.76	13.24
	230	0.065 mm	10.1474 g	10.35%	97.11	2.89
	Pan	-	2.8253 g	2.88%	100	0.01

RESULT (NUTRIENT ANALYSIS)

Type of soil		First reading	Second reading	Third reading	Average
Sand	680 Sulphate	>3.5 !	>3.5 !	>3.5 !	>3.5 !
	490 Preact PV-phosphorus	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
	355 N, Nitrate HR PP	12.4	12.4	12.5	12.43
Hill soil	680 Sulphate	31.0	31.0	31.0	31.0
	490 Preact PV-phosphorus	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
	355 N, Nitrate HR PP	14.0	14.20	14.0	16.06
Wet land	680 Sulphate	10.0	10.0	11.0	10.33
	490 Preact PV-phosphorus	1.26	1.26	1.26	1.26
	355 N, Nitrate HR PP	7.5	7.6	7.5	7.53
Red soil	680 Sulphate	24	24	24	24
	490 Preact PV-phosphorus	0.43	0.43	0.44	0.43
	355 N, Nitrate HR PP	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9
Ground soil	680 Sulphate	120	120	120	120
	490 Preact PV-phosphorus	>3.5 !	>3.5 !	>3.5 !	>3.5 !
	355 N, Nitrate HR PP	>3.5 !	>3.5 !	>3.5 !	>3.5 !

Figure 3.2 680 Sulphate reagent was used to determine the sulphate content in the soil

Figure 3.3 490 Preact PV-phosphorus reagent was used to determine the phosphorus content in the soil

Figure 3.3 355 N, Nitrate HR PP reagent was used to determine the nitrate content in the soil

Figure 3.4 Nutrient Analysis Instrument was used to determine the nutrient content in the 5 types of soil

4.0 DISCUSSION 

(SIEVE ANALYSIS)

The sieve analysis are determines the distribution of aggregate particles, by size, within the given sample. A known weight of material, the amount being determined by the largest size of aggregate is placed up upon of a group of nested sieves. As the top sieve has the largest screen openings and the screen opening size decrease with each sieve down to the bottom sieve which has the smallest opening size screen for the type material specified. There are six nested sieve that have been used through the conducted experiment, as the number of sieve that have been used are No. 18 (1mm), No. 35 (0.5 mm), No. 60 (0.25 mm), No. 70 (0.212 mm), No. 120 (0.125 mm) and  No. 230 (0.065 mm). An accurate determination of material will passed the No. 230 (0.065 mm) as it is the finniest opening sieve nest that the soil can pass through.

          The cumulative method requires that each sieve beginning at the top be placed in a previously weighed pan that known as the tare weight. The tare weight of sand soil, wetland soil, red soil, hill soil and ground soil are 100g before it put into the mechanical sieve shaker. The mechanical sieve shaker is used to conduct this experiment as it provided a vertical or lateral and vertical motion to the sieve and causing the particles to bounce and turn so as to present different orientation to the sieving surface. Sieve shaker must provide sieving thoroughness within a reasonable time. This experiment are conducted with constant time and tare weight of soil which are only 15 minutes needed for the mechanical sieve shaker to operate and all the soils are weighted 100g before it put into the mechanical sieve shaker, so that the result can be compared. Theoretically, the weight of soils retained must same as tare weight. However, the result shown a different reading between tare weight and total soil retained after being sieve. The error may found during the cleaned out the sieve’s mesh as the brush used during the experiment are very hard, while the brushes that need to use must gentle to dislodge entrapped materials, especially sieve No. 230 (0.065 mm) that should be cleaned with a softer cloth hair brush.

          The different pattern of soil gradation affected due to permeability of soil, soil moisture, type of soil, soil structure, soil management and soil nutrient as either it organic or inorganic soil. As from the results shown, the soil texture can be determined from the graph of how much the soil grades from one sieve to another. Soil texture refers to the proportion of the soil separates that make up the mineral components of soil. These separates are called as sand, silt and clay. These soil separates have the its own range as the sand particles between 2.0 mm to 0.05 mm, silt is between 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm and clay is less than 0.002 mm. The graph of sieve analysis of ground soil, hill soil, red soil and wetland shows gradually decrease in the form of soil particles and soil retained but graph of sieve analysis of sand shows drastically decrease after the sieve No. 120 (0.125 mm) as the soil texture already is a silt particles contain in the sand soil. The sand soil sieve analysis graph also shows an obvious of a dip decrease when the sand soil pas through the sieve No. 18, No. 35, No. 60 and No. 70. It shows the sand soil contains fine sand particles and high silt particles but low clay particles as the soil retained in pan is low. The number of wetland soil retained in the pan is much than the others sand as wetland contains clay particle the soil.

          As the theoretically, the particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups of size which is sand, silt and clay. Sand particles are the largest and the clay particles are the smallest. Most soils are a combination of these three soil particles. 

(NUTRIENT ANALYSIS)

Plants require eighteen elements found in nature to properly grow and develop. Three major plant macronutrients are nitrate (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). Nitrate gives plants their green colour and is essential for protein synthesis and growth. Phosphorous is important in cell division, root development, flowering and fruiting. Potassium is involved in photosynthesis, disease resistance and seed development. Because of the importance of these macronutrients, they are standard components of commercial fertilizer mixtures. So that fertilizer applications can be tailored based on the specific needs of the target plant and the specific deficiencies of the target soils, fertilizer mixtures are marked with a “N-P-K value”. The N-P-K value is a series of three numbers which represent the percentage of each nutrient in the mixture.

          These elements contribute to plant nutrient content, function of plant enzymes and biochemical processes, and integrity of plant cells.  Deficiency of these nutrients contributes to reduced plant growth, health, and yield; thus they are the three most important nutrients supplied by fertilizers. The nitrate can be found in chlorophyll, nucleic acids and amino acids; component of protein and enzymes. Phosphorus is an essential component of DNA, RNA, and phospholipids, which play critical roles in cell membranes, also plays a major role in the energy system (ATP) of plants. Meanwhile, potassium plays a major role in the metabolism of the plant, and is involved in photosynthesis, drought tolerance, improved winter hardiness and protein synthesis.

            To determine the nutrient content, 680 Sulphate reagent was used to determine the amount of sulphate content in the soil, 490 Preact PV-phosphorus was used to determine the amount of phosphorus content and 355 N, Nitrate HRPP was used to determine the nitrate content. Firstly, the sand nitrate content is 12.43, and the sulphate content is >3.5 ! and phosphorus content is 0.20. For hill soil, it contain a slightly high sulphate and nitrate content among the others which are 31.0 and 16.06 respectively, and the phosphorus content is 0.30. Next, wetland soil sulphate content is 10.33, phosphorus content is 1.26 and nitrate content is 7.53. Last but not least, red soil sulphate content is 24, phosphorus and nitrate content are 0.43 and 3.9 respectively. Lastly, the ground soil sulphate content is the most highest among the other soil which is 120, and the phosphorus and nitrate content is the same which is >3.5 !.

           What we can observed from our planted 'ulam raja' plant for within 8 weeks, the most fertile soil that can be used to plant this type of plant is ground soil. This is because the ground soil has a highest nutrient contents which is sulphate, phosphorus and nitrate among the other soil which is wetland soil, hill soil, red soil and sand soil. Therefore, the 'ulam raja' plant that are planted on ground soil shows the most highest height of shoots and roots among the other soil which is followed by wetland soil, hill soil, red soil and sand soil after 8 weeks of different watering frequency and growth monitoring. Anyhow, phosphorus excess can also present problems, though it is not as common.  Excess phosphorus can induce a zinc deficiency through biochemical interactions.  Phosphorus is generally immobile in the soil, which influences its application methods, and is somewhat mobile in plants. Also, phosphorus deficiency is seen as purple or reddish discolorations of plant leaves, and is accompanied by poor growth of the plant and roots, reduced yield and early fruit drop, and delayed maturity. 

          Last but not least, potassium is the third most commonly supplemented macronutrient.  It has important functions in plant metabolism, is part of the regulation of water loss, and is necessary for adaptations to stress (such as drought and cold).  Plants that are deficient in potassium may exhibit reductions in yield before any visible symptoms are noticed.  These symptoms include yellowing of the margins and veins and crinkling or rolling of the leaves.  An excess, meanwhile, will result in reduced plant uptake of magnesium, due to chemical interactions.

         Finally, nitrate availability limits the productivity of most cropping systems.  It is a component of chlorophyll, so when nitrogen is insufficient, leaves will take on a yellow (chlorotic) appearance down the middle of the leaf.  New plant growth will be reduced as well, and may appear red or red-brown.  Because of its essential role in amino acids and proteins, deficient plants and grains will have low protein content.  Nitrate excess results in extremely dark green leaves, and promotes vegetative plant growth. This growth, particularly of grains, may exceed the plant's ability to hold itself upright, and increased lodging is observed.  Nitrate is mobile both in the soil and in the plant, which affects its application and management. Phosphorus is another essential macronutrient whose deficiency is a major consideration in cropping systems. It is also a component of the ATP system, the "energy currency" of plants and animals.  

5.0 CONCLUSION

For sieve analysis , 1 mm, 500 µm, 250 µm, 212 µm, 125µm and 65 µm of opening mesh size are used in the experiment. Amount with 100g of dry sample soil  is poured on the first layer of sieve, and it is then shaken by mechanical sieveshaker until each of the soil particle has dropped to a sieve with openings too small to pass. The weight of retained soil on each layer or sieve is recorded. The percentage and cumulative percentage of mass of soilretained on each sieve is calculated. Sieve analysis is one if the simple method which use to determine the size of soil particle and distribution of the soil. Based on the result obtain, each layer of sieve for soil sample gives different weight, this indicates that different type of soil contain different soil particle within. The distribution of the soil particle which is also the main factor which affect the structure and texture of soil.

          

          Sulphate, Phosphorus, Nitrate are the important nutrient which support the growth of plant. These element also affect the fertility and the availability of the soil. During the nutrient analysis test, the average of the reading of amount of each nutrient are taken and calculated. Based on the result we obtain, ground soil contain the highest amount of sulphate, and wetland contain the highest amount of phosphorus and lastly the hill soil contain the highest amount of nitrate. In order to increase the fertility or the availability of the soil, some land user or farmer add some fertilizer into the soil, this is because some of the fertilizer contain nitrogen or sulphate. 

OBSERVATION OF 'ULAM RAJA' PLANT AFTER 8 WEEKS

Type of soil	No of seed germinate	Plant height (cm)			Length Root (cm)			Another Plant	Fauna
Ground Soil	1/18	23			21.5			2	-
Wetland	3/18	9	6.5	6.3	21.5	13.1	19.0	3
Hill Soil	0/18	-			-			2
Red Soil	0/18							1
Sand Soil	0/18							-

FIRST WEEK (5/3/2018)

Figure 1 Five types of different soil were put in the each pots

SECOND WEEK (12/3/2018)

Figure 2 Ground Soil

Figure 3 Wetland Soil

Figure 4 Hill Soil

Figure 6 Red Soil

Figure 7 Sand Soil

THIRD WEEK (19/3/2018)

Figure 8 Ground Soil

Figure 9 Wetland Soil

Figure 10 Hill Soil

Figure 11 Red Soil

Figure 12 Sand Soil

FOURTH WEEK (26/3/2018) - EIGHT WEEK (23/4/2018)

Figure 13 Ground Soil

Figure 14 Wetland Soil

Figure 15 Hill Soil

Figure 16 Red Soil

Figure 17 Sand Soil

REFERENCES

1.    Lumen boundless biology. Nutritional Requirements of Plants. Access on 20 april 2018. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/nutritional-requirements-of-plants/

2.    T.K. Hartz.2007.Soil Testing for Nutrient Availability Procedures and Interpretation for California Vegetable Crop Production. Access on 20 April 2018.

3.    http://vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/fertilization_Soiltestingfornutrientavailability2007.pdf

4.    Potash Development Association. 2011.  Soil analysis: key to nutrient management planning. Access on 21 April 2018 . https://www.pda.org.uk/pda_leaflets/24-soil-analysis-key-to-nutrient-management-planning/

5.    Royal Horticultural Society. Nutrient deficiencies. https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=456