Weekly Report 2: JAGUNG PANDAN


FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SS11403 SAINS TANAH SEKITARAN
SEMESTER 2 2017/2018

       Date of Submission: 10th April 2018

 MADAM DIANA DEMIYAH BINTI MOHD HAMDAN

TITLE : ' JAGUNG PANDAN’

NAME
MATRIC NUMBER
PAVITRA A/P MURUGAYAH
BS17160700
NURUL NATASYAH BINTI KANAPIA@HANAFIAH
BS17110546
KONG WAN LING
BS17110429
NURFATIN SOFEA BINTI MOHD HELMI
BS17110574
SOW XIAO HUI
BS17110464
AARON CHIN VUI CHANG
BS17160670


1.0      INTRODUCTION

Soils is a dynamic and diverse natural system that lie at the interface between the earth, air, water and life and they are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic, matter and countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things. Soils is a major source of nutrients that needed by plants for growth and it forms at the surface of land that is “skin of the earth”. Soil is a critical ecosystem service providers for the sustenance of humanity and capable of supporting plant life and is vital to life on earth. Soils performs many critical functions in almost any ecosystem which soils serve as media for growth of all kinds of plants, modify the atmosphere by emitting and absorbing gases and provide habitat for animals that live in the soil that account for most of the living things on Earth.
          Soil structures affects the behaviour of plants in many ways and the most obvious effect is on the appearance of the roots, which is generally smooth and cylindrical in friable soil, but are stubby and gnarled in compacted soil and are greatly restricted in their range, with potentially deleterious effects on the supply of water and nutrients for plants. The roots grow most rapidly in very friable soil, but their uptake of water and nutrients may be limited by inadequate contact with the solid and liquid phases of the soil. Soil structures not only affects the ability of roots to grow and to supply the leaves with water and nutrients but it also induces them to send hormonal signals that slow the growth of the shoot, even if they are currently able to take p adequate water and nutrients.
          The soil may sometimes be too porous for the roots to make enough contact with the solid and liquid phases to extract seemingly available nutrients or water. The presence of macro pores may enable the roots to traverse otherwise impenetrable soil, and thereby gain access to a larger reservoir of water and mobile nutrients.

2.0      OBJECTIVES

  1. To find out which is the most suitable soil to grow jagung pandan  
  2. To find out which soil is most fertile to grow jagung pandan productively
  3. To investigate the growth of jagung pandan related with soil minerals and phytoavailability / bioavailability

3.0      APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1.    Jagung pandan seeds
2.    5 pots (poked same number of holes at the bottom of the pot for drainage)
3.    5 different soil texture
4.    500ml recycle bottle (for watering)

3.1      Apparatus and Materials for Water Frequency and Growth Monitoring

  1. 15 cm ruler
  2. 5 Petri dish
  3. Weighing machine
4.0      PROCEDURE

1.    The pot is filled up with soil. The soil is pat to compress the soil so that the level of soil does not shrink after watering.
2.    The number of seeds is divided equally for each pot and spaced the seeds when seed sowing.
3.    About 2 cm thick of soil is topped after seed are placed on the soil. Then watered with same amount (500ml) for each pot.
4.    After a week, a ruler was used to measure the height of the plants.

4.1      Procedure for Watering Frequency and Growth Monitoring

  1. 5 plants were dug out carefully from each pot, made sure roots intact.
  2. The length of root, shoot and whole plant were measured.
  3. The wet weight of the whole plant was measured.
  4. The plants were dried under the hot sun.
  5. After the plant dried completely, the dry weight of the plants were measured.

5.0      RESULTS

Table 1.0: Growth of plant Jagung Pandan from week 3 to week 4

Type of soil
Week
3
4
Average plant height (cm)
Survival rate (%)
Mortality rate (%)
Average plant height (cm)
Survival rate (%)
Mortality rate (%)
Lake of Residential College E
22.5
100.0
0.0
28.8
100.0
0.0
Sandy
12.8
100.0
0.0
15.0
100.0
0.0
Mangrove
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
13.0
100.0
0.0
15.8
100.0
0.0
Mountain
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Table 2.0: The observation of the plants throughout week 3 and week 4
Type of soil
OBSERVATION
WEEK 3
WEEK 4
Lake of Residential College E
Few yellowish leaves can been seen.
More yellowish leaves observed which is in a wilted condition.
Sandy
Yellowish shoots can be observed
Few shoots are wilted with purplish condition.
Mangrove
No growth
No growth
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
Purplish and yellowish shoots can be observed.
Purplish shoots in wilted condition
Mountain
No growth
No growth

Figure 1.0 shows Jagung Pandan in the soil from lake of Residential College E for week 3

Figure 2 shows Jagung Pandan in sandy soil for week 3

Figure 3.0 shows Jagung Pandan in soil from Faculty of Science and Natural Resources for week 3

Figure 4.0 shows Jagung Pandan in mangrove soil for week 3

Figure 5.0 shows Jagung Pandan in mountain soil for week 3

Figure 6.0 shows Jagung Pandan in the lake of Residential College E soil for week 4

Figure 7.0 shows Jagung Pandan in sandy soil for week 4

Figure 8.0 shows Jagung Pandan in the soil from Faculty of Science and Natural Resources for week 4.


5.1      RESULTS OF WATER FREQUENCY AND GROWTH MONITORING

Table 3.0: Result of Water Frequency and Growth Monitoring
Type of soil
Length (cm)
Weight (g)
Roots
Shoots
Whole plant
Wet weight
Dry weight
Lake of Residential College E
9.5
19.2
25.2
1.0423
0.8581
Sandy
10.3
9.4
23.5
0.6881
0.3832
Mangrove
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0000
0.0000
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
15.0
11.5
29.9
0.8744
0.6563
Mountain
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0000
0.0000


6.0       DISCUSSION

From the Table 1.0, as we know that soil from the lake of Residential College E shows the highest growth rate for the plant and had a 100% germination rate and the most suitable soil for growing Jagung Pandan  from week 2. The most unsuitable soil for growing Jagung Pandan is the soil from mangrove and mountain which is 0% growth rate and 0% germination seeds from week 3 to week 4 due to the acidity of the soil. The pH factor of soil reflects its acidity level, which is important to consider because all plants require different levels for proper growth. Important nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and nitrogen can also be tied up if pH is not correct. Soil pH can also have an effect on the activity of soil microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. A pH reading that is too high or low will lead to a loss of these microorganisms, which will result in a less healthy soil overall.
The soil from lake of Residential College E, sandy soil and soil from Faculty of Science and Natural Resources are in the range of suitable pH for the growth of plants. However, the mangrove soil and the soil from the mountain are not suitable for the growth because they are not in the range. Dissolved calcium of shells and offshore coral make brackish waters alkaline. Mangrove soils, however, are neutral to slightly acidic due to the sulphur-reducing bacteria, and the presence of acidic clays. In Malaysia, there are mangroves with very acidic brackish waters, probably due to the aeration of soil sulphates, forming sulphuric acid. Whereas for the soil from the mountain, the pH is based on the slope of the upland.
Based on Table 2.0, shoots from lake of Residential College E soil are yellowish. This is because corn roots need aerated soil for metabolic processes and nutrient uptake. Entire plants can show yellowing and many different symptoms, including phosphorus deficiency. Besides that, this is related to slow organic matter mineralization and lower supply of plant available sulphate-S (the form of S taken up by plants). Soil organic matter is the largest reserve of sulphur in most soils, so slow mineralization can limit available sulphur, especially in the upper soil profile. There have been several examples of early season sulphur response (greener plants) in on-farm sulphur strip trials and research plots at experiment stations this spring (Kanawha, Muscatine, central Iowa). In some cases, these early sulphur deficiency symptoms may disappear with time and there would be no yield consequence.  Classic S deficiency is the older leaves are green and the new leaves show yellowing and interveinal stripping. With severe deficiency, the entire plant will be yellow.
Sandy soil and soil from Faculty of Science and Natural Resources are having shoots with purplish condition. There are several factors that contribute to early season purple coloration, but the major factors are likely to be early season stress and restricted root growth. Corn leaves produce sugars by photosynthesis. These sugars are ordinarily metabolized to generate energy for further shoot and root growth and development. However, when growth slows down – for example, when temperatures get too cold – the sugars tend to accumulate in the leaf. This triggers anthocyanin pigment formation and causing the purplish colour.
Restricted root growth induced by compacted soils and compacted furrow side-walls is also closely associated with purpling of corn. On some fields, the purplish colour is more visible in field headlands and in spots within fields and wheel tracks. Sometimes the phosphorus (P) deficiency also causes purple coloration, but early season phosphorus deficiencies may be related to the restricted root growth. Soil test levels should determine phosphorus sufficiency in the soil. If sufficient phosphorus is present, adding more phosphorus will not turn purple leaves green.

7.0      CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that although Jagung Pandan in the sandy soil, soil from lake of Residential College E and soil from FSSA are growing, they are lack of nutrients and are having competition for space.

8.0      REFERENCE


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