Fourth Lab Report : Kacang Tanah

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SS11403 SAINS TANAH SEKITARAN
SEMESTER 2 2017/2018

Date of Submission: 24th April 2018

MRS. DIANA DEMIYAH BINTI MOHD HAMDAN

TITLE : Soil Salinity Test

NAME
MATRICS NO.
AIDA IZZATI BINTI MD. HUSIM
BS17110523
AKHMARUL IMAN BIN RAHMAN
BS17110521
EMMELDAH JOSEPH
BS17110310
HEW JET XIONG
BS17110443
IVY IMELDA MOENTEN
BS17110049
NUR FAIQAH BINTI ZULKIPLI
BS17160701


INTRODUCTION
Soil salinity is one of the main land degradation factors which affected 1 billion hectares in more than 100 countries (Squires and Glenn, 2004). Moreover, the land affected by high soil salinity is predicted of increasing at a rate of 2 millions hectares per year (Abbas et al, 2013) due to anthropogenic activities which contributing global warming. Therefore, it can be said that controlling of soil salinity on agriculture crops is very crucial as it leads to leaf necrosis, altered phenology and ultimately plant death (Volkmar et al, 1998).
   Soil salinity is a measure of the concentration of soluble salts in the soil. The most common soluble salts can be found in a soil is sodium chloride and others abundant soluble salts are bicarbonates, sulphates and carbonates of calcium, potassium and magnesium. Soluble salts in soil is the determinant factor of manipulating the plant health and yield which is largely based on its concentration in the soil (Joann et al, 2013). High soluble salts in the soil may induce some damages to plants such as inhibiting or reducing the ability of plants from uptaking water and causing the plants absorbed too much salt which eventually led to burning symptoms on its leaves (Joann et al, 2013). The sources of salts in soil can be either occurred naturally or introduced by addition of fertilizers.
   Therefore, it is very important to determine the salinity of soil before planning on planting plants. Soil salinity is measured as electrical conductivity (EC) in units of either decisiemens (dS/m) or microsecond (µS/cm). The determining of electrical conductivity of soil sample is usually tested with different ration of soil to water (1:1, 1:2 and 1:5) and saturated paste. Saturation paste test of soil salinity is more reliable and accurate.


 OBJECTIVES
1) To determine the electrical conductivity of soil samples (FSSA lakeside soil)
2) To determine whether the soil salinity in soil sample is suitable for growing of peanut.


APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
1. Air dried soil samples
2. 2mm mesh size sieve
3. 200ml glass beaker
4. Spatula
5. Distilled water
6. Vacuum pump
7. Laboratory flash
8. Graduated Cylinder
9. Size 42 Whatman filter paper
10. Bottle container
11. Electric conductivity meter


Procedures
1. Tree roots, bark pieces and stones were removed from the soil samples
2. Prepare air dried soil samples that have less than <2mm size (Can use the remaining sieved soil sample from soil analysis test) or can use 2mm mesh size manually to retain the soil samples.
3. A saturated paste was made for each of the air dried soil samples with 100g of soil by mixing it with distilled water.
4. Next, mixture of 25g of soil and water with ration of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5 by using distilled water had been made.
5. After adding distilled water into the soil, mixture was swirled for at least 10 minutes.
6. 42 Whatman filter paper was put on the funnel before pouring the saturated paste.
7. After that, filter the water from the saturated paste by using vacuum pump/vacuum filtration.
8. Filtrate were kept in a bottle container and labeled it (filtrate of saturated paste)
9. Measure the electric conductivity.
10. The probe was rinsed with distilled water before measuring different rations of soil mixture.

Results

Table 1 : Electrical conductivity of FSSA lakeside soil with different soil : water ration
Soil Type
Soil Ratio with water

Saturated
1:1
1:2
1:5

Electric conductivity (µS/cm)
Electric conductivity (µS/cm)
Electric conductivity (µS/cm)
Electric conductivity (µS/cm)
FSSA lakeside soil (First sample)
9.77
259
246
132.6
FSSA lakeside soil (Second sample)
8.35
353
316
187
Mean
9.06
306
281
159.3

Table 2 : Volume extracted from saturated paste by using vacuum pump

Soil Type
Volume extracted from saturated paste (ml)
FSSA lakeside soil
10

Figure 2 : Electric conductivity and temperature of first soil sample (saturated paste)

Figure 2 : Electric conductivity and temperature of first soil sample with water (1:1 ratio)

Figure 3 : Electric conductivity and temperature of first soil sample with water (1:2 ratio)

Figure 4 : Electric conductivity and temperature of first soil sample with water (1:5 ratio)


Discussion 
Based on Table 1, it shows the mean readings of electrical conductivity of soil samples with different ratios which are 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and saturated paste are 306µS/cm, 281µS/cm, 159.3µS/cm and 9.06µS/cm respectively. Besides that, the volume of water can be extracted from saturated paste is 10ml. These 2 results tell us that salinity of FSSA lakeside soil is still in moderate level. High readings of electrical conductivity of soil causes soil tend to be more saline. A saline soil is non-sodic soil which is generally defined as EC of the saturation extraction in the roots zone is exceeding 4 dS/m that adversely affects plant growth. However, different plants may vary on tolerating salinity.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, soil salinity test indicates that FSSA lakeside soil is a suitable medium for the growing of peanut because it is within the tolerant range. 
References
1) Vineyard Activity Guides. Measuring soil salinity. AWRI ©2010. Retrieved from https://www.awri.com.au/wp-content/uploads/v_activity_soil_measure.pdf
2) Joann, G., Neil. M., Marty. P., and Lori. B. (May 2013). Soluble salts in soils and plant health. Retrieved from https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/f/575/files/2015/12/Soluble-Salts-May-6-2013-o36voh-2evtxtu.pdf
3) V.R. Squires, E.P. Glenn. (2004). Salination, desertification and soil erosion. The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition, UNESCO. Published by EOLSS.
4) A. Abbas, S. Khan, N. Hussain, M.A. Hanjra, S.Akbar. (2013). Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. Vol 55-57 ;  43 - 52.
5) K.M. Volkmar, Y. Hu, H. Steppuhn. (1998). Physiological responses of plants to salinity : a review. Vol 78; 19-27.




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